Rice Based Agrivoltaics in Northern Bangladesh: A Structured Evidence Synthesis and a Simulation Ready Design Framework for Fixed Tilt Bifacial Systems

This paper develops a structured evidence synthesis and a simulation-ready design framework for rice-based agrivoltaic systems in northern Bangladesh. Unlike conventional approaches based only on average shading, this study emphasizes dynamic crop-level irradiance, growth-stage sensitivity, bifacial photovoltaic performance, land equivalent ratio, and techno-economic evaluation. The proposed framework integrates optical shading, PV energy modelling, crop response, water scenarios, and financial analysis to support future field calibration and sustainable food-energy planning in Bangladesh.