Performance Degradation and Rooftop Challenges of Long-Term Aged Solar Photovoltaic Modules: A Visual, Electrical, and Thermal Investigation

The significant contribution of this study is the integrated assessment of visual faults and their associated electrical performance of PV modules. The study systematically identifies different physical and surface defects and evaluates their potential influence on key electrical parameters, including output power and I–V characteristics. This combined analysis provides a practical understanding of the relationship between observable module faults and performance degradation, supporting more effective PV module condition assessment and maintenance strategies.