One-Year Performance Evaluation of a 157 kWp Floating Photovoltaic System under a Tropical Monsoon Climate at UMPSA, Malaysia

The significant research contribution of this work lies in providing an empirical, long-term performance validation of a 157.20 kWp floating photovoltaic (FPV) system utilizing bifacial solar modules over a full one-year operational cycle under the specific environmental stressors of a tropical monsoon climate. While the theoretical cooling effects and high-albedo benefits of aquatic PV setups are widely discussed, real-world field data—particularly regarding the actual yield advantages and Performance Ratio (PR) of bifacial technologies on water versus land—remains scarce and highly debated. By documenting a comprehensive, full-year dataset from the system installed at the UMPSA lake, this study bridges a critical gap in literature, offering solar developers and researchers actionable insights into the seasonal performance, technical viability, and efficiency gains of scaling bifacial FPV systems in hot, humid monsoon environments.