Sustainable Urban Electricity Transition in Malaysia: Feasible Renewable Energy Models and Policy Analysis

This paper’s key contribution is the first integrated PVsyst–HOMER Pro dual-simulation assessment of a Solar ATAP-compliant rooftop PV system with wind-battery hybrid for urban residential Malaysia (Kuantan, Pahang). The 6.60 kWp PV system achieves 81.62% performance ratio; the optimized PV–Wind–Battery–Grid hybrid delivers LCOE of RM0.145/kWh (73.3% below grid baseline), 18.8% IRR, and 4.96-year payback, becoming a net grid exporter under Solar ATAP’s credit mechanism. A PESTEL barrier analysis further benchmarks Malaysia’s regulatory environment (score 15/30) as substantially more enabling than Indonesia’s (23/30), directly informing NETR/NDC policy recommendations.