Aimed at the special requirements for dynamic measurement of material ablation inside high-temperature wind tunnels, a binocular stereo vision system based on straight slider rail laser projection and high-speed camera capture is designed. A feature enhancement method for ablation measurement objects in high-temperature and high-enthalpy environments is proposed, and a mathematical expression formula based on multi-line laser feature enhancement description and extraction of the light strip centerline is derived for adaptive rapid feature matching. This formula takes into account the grayscale centroid, camera frame rate, and the correlation between line laser scanning ranges, effectively reducing search complexity and dependence on high-frame-rate cameras. Experimental results show that the system can complete a 200mm scan within 1 second at a distance of 1350mm. Experiments on planar objects and spherical convex surface platform under various conditions demonstrate that the system can control the total error within 0.5mm at the normal distribution confidence levels of 1σ, 2σ, and 3σ which proving the efficiency, accuracy, and high dynamic characteristics of this method for non-contact measurement of material erosion in high-temperature wind tunnel environments.