Degradation-Aware V2G Coordination for Grid Stress Mitigation in a Calibrated IEEE-33 Bus Distribution Network

The swift expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and
renewable generation is basically changing distribution networks ,
from boring passive power-delivery setups into flexible , data-
driven smart grids. Still, if EV charging is not coordinated, it can
push up the evening peak demand, make voltage deviations get
worse, overload feeders , and also drive operating costs higher,
mainly in renewable-rich areas. So in this paper we offer a
degradation-aware vehicle-to-grid (V2G) coordination approach
for EV fleets inside a future smart distribution network that is
calibrated for Bangladesh. The idea is to treat an EV fleet as an
aggregated distributed energy resource, and then schedule both
grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and V2G power exchanges using an
aggregator-based control scheme. For the experiments,
simulations are carried out on an IEEE 33-bus radial feeder,
together with a Bangladesh-calibrated daily demand pattern.
Dhaka solar photovoltaic inputs come from NASA POWER, and
the stress case is built as a 2035 future scenario. That scenario
assumes 450 equivalent EVs, 2.40 MW of PV capacity, 4.05
MWh of daily EV energy demand, plus an aggregate charging cap
of 2.60 MW and an aggregate V2G cap of 1.35 MW. Altogether,
six operating cases are tested: no EV, uncontrolled charging,
price-only smart charging, rule-based V2G, degradation-blind
V2G, and the proposed degradation-aware V2G strategy. The
results are pretty clear. With uncontrolled charging the peak grid
import climbs to 7.80 MW and the smallest bus voltage drops to
0.8193 pu. Meanwhile, the proposed strategy cuts the peak grid
import by 42.09% , raises the minimum voltage to 0.8883 pu, and
reduces total daily operating cost by 4.44% , all while keeping
unnecessary battery cycling under check. Overall, these findings
suggest that battery-aware EV fleet coordination can help with
peak-load reduction, better voltage profiles, and real cost savings
in renewable-integrated distribution systems. That said, even with
this, feeder reinforcement and reactive-power support might still
be necessary once electrification gets extremely high.