Dynamic Modeling of Solar Shading Effects in Photovoltaic Power Generation System

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly vulnerable to changes in irradiance, and shading is one of the most detrimental issues affecting their efficiency. Even minor shading can cause disproportionate power losses, current mismatch, and the emergence of multiple peaks in I–V and P–V characteristics, complicating maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To address these challenges, this study develops a modeling and simulation framework to systematically analyze shading effects on PV arrays. The model evaluates different irradiance distributions, partial shading scenarios, and the effectiveness of bypass diodes in minimizing mismatch losses. Simulation outcomes demonstrate the direct influence of shading patterns on the I–V response, the reduction in maximum power output, and the nonlinear behavior that hinders MPPT accuracy. Incorporating bypass diodes is shown to mitigate hotspot risks and recover part of the lost power under shaded conditions. Overall, this research highlights the value of simulation tools in predicting real-world PV behavior, offering a practical framework for researchers and system designers to quantify shading impacts and optimize PV performance for enhanced energy yield and reliability.