Data Transmission Technologies: A Review of Security, Reliability, Efficiency, and Emerging Intelligent Communication

1. Reviews conventional and emerging approaches, including wireless/IoT, power-line, underwater acoustic, FSO, photonic, THz, ISAC, semantic, and AI-enabled communication.
2. Compares existing technologies in terms of security, reliability, efficiency, bandwidth, energy consumption, computational complexity, and deployment challenges.
3. Highlights the need for adaptive and intelligent transmission mechanisms that dynamically select or combine techniques according to network conditions, device capabilities, data sensitivity, and application requirements.