A Three-Layer Behavioral Authentication Architecture for Resource-Constrained Embedded Devices: Design and Simulation-Based Feasibility Study

This paper presents a low-cost, fully offline three-layer behavioral authentication architecture for resource-constrained embedded devices. The system integrates spoken-digit MFCC-DTW voice verification, ultrasonic hand-withdrawal sensing, and Force–Hold–Gap mechanical interaction on an ATmega328P-class microcontroller. Sequential screening with early rejection and weighted score fusion is evaluated through a held-out Monte Carlo simulation with 50 synthetic users. The study demonstrates architectural feasibility under strict cost, memory, and offline-operation constraints while explicitly identifying the need for physical, human-subject, and adversarial validation.