Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Solar Panel Monitoring and Single-Axis Auto-Tracking System

1)A complete, reproducible, single-axis LDR-based solar tracker built on an Arduino UNO, with a published wiring diagram and pin allocation suitable as a teaching
reference.

2)A discrete-step closed-loop control law with an explicit dead-band threshold and a step-limited update rule,which removes the limit-cycle oscillation around the
equilibrium angle seen in earlier designs.

3)A mechanically mirrored twin-servo actuation scheme,where the second servo is driven by the complementary angle, giving the panel bilateral support and reducing
torque on either individual shaft.

4)An on-device measurement pipeline a 16×2 I2C LCD plus a pipe-delimited serial log that exposes irradiance, terminal voltage, and servo angle as user-readable sig-
nals at 1 Hz.

5)A quantitative bench comparison between the proposed tracker and a co-located fixed-orientation panel, together with cost and feature comparisons against published
alternatives.