Beyond Technical Design: Assessing Stakeholder Readiness and Adoption Barriers for Blockchain-Based Traceability in Bangladesh’s Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

This study contributes by shifting the focus of pharmaceutical blockchain research in Bangladesh from technical system design to stakeholder readiness and adoption barriers. Using the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework, it examines the technological, organizational, and regulatory factors influencing blockchain-based traceability adoption among manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies, and regulators. The study proposes a context-sensitive readiness framework that highlights the roles of digital capability, implementation cost, trust, inter-organizational collaboration, and regulatory support, providing a foundation for future empirical research and practical policy initiatives in Bangladesh’s pharmaceutical supply chain.